Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as “pink eye,” is an eye condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear tissue that lines the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, irritants, or other underlying health conditions.
Causes of conjunctivitis
Viral Infections: Viral conjunctivitis is often caused by viruses such as adenoviruses, which can lead to redness, watery discharge, and discomfort.
Bacterial Infections: Bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by bacterial agents like Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, resulting in sticky pus-like discharge and redness.
Allergies: Allergic conjunctivitis is triggered by allergens like pollen, pet dander, or dust mites, leading to itching, redness, and watery eyes.
Irritants: Exposure to irritants such as smoke, chlorine in swimming pools, or certain chemicals can cause non-infectious conjunctivitis with redness and discomfort.
Contact Lenses: Incorrect or improperly cleaned contact lenses can trap bacteria and lead to bacterial or irritant conjunctivitis.
Newborns: Newborns can develop conjunctivitis due to exposure to bacteria during childbirth, commonly known as neonatal conjunctivitis.
Blocked Tear Ducts: In infants, blocked tear ducts can lead to bacterial growth and conjunctivitis.
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Certain sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia or gonorrhea can cause conjunctivitis when infected fluids come into contact with the eyes.
Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can lead to a type of conjunctivitis associated with autoimmune reactions.
Chemical Exposure: Exposure to harsh chemicals or substances like household cleaners can cause chemical conjunctivitis, resulting in redness, pain, and tearing.
Symptoms of Conjunctivitis
- Redness: The whites of the eyes (sclera) may appear pink or red due to inflammation of the conjunctiva.
- Eye Discharge: There might be discharge from the eye, which can be watery, sticky, or pus-like, depending on the cause of conjunctivitis.
- Itching: The eyes can become itchy and uncomfortable, leading to rubbing and further irritation.
- Burning Sensation: Many individuals with conjunctivitis experience a burning or gritty sensation in their eyes.
- Tearing: Increased tear production is common in conjunctivitis, which can lead to excessive tearing or watering of the eyes.
- Swelling: The eyelids or the conjunctiva itself might become swollen due to inflammation.
- Sensitivity to Light: Some individuals might develop sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, making bright lights uncomfortable.
- Blurred Vision: In some cases, conjunctivitis can cause mild blurring of vision due to the irritation and discharge affecting the clear front surface of the eye.
- Foreign Body Sensation: It might feel like there’s something in the eye, causing discomfort or a gritty feeling.
- Crusting: Overnight, the discharge from the eyes might dry and cause the eyelids to stick together, leading to crusting and difficulty opening the eyes in the morning.
- Different Types: Depending on the cause, there are different types of conjunctivitis, including viral, bacterial, allergic, and irritant-related. Each type can have slightly distinct symptoms.
It’s important to consult a medical professional, such as an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist), if you suspect you have conjunctivitis. They can accurately diagnose the condition and recommend appropriate treatment based on the underlying cause.
Prevention
- Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially after touching your eyes or coming into contact with potentially contaminated surfaces.
- Avoid Touching Your Eyes: Avoid touching your eyes with your hands, as this can introduce germs and irritants that might lead to conjunctivitis.
- Avoid Close Contact: If you know someone has conjunctivitis, avoid close contact with them to reduce the risk of transmission.
- Clean and Disinfect: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched, such as doorknobs, countertops, and shared items.
- Proper Contact Lens Care: If you wear contact lenses, follow proper hygiene and care guidelines to prevent bacterial growth and eye infections.
- Avoid Sharing Eye Makeup: Do not share eye makeup, such as mascara and eyeliner, to prevent the spread of bacteria or viruses.
- Protective Eyewear: When swimming in pools or using chemicals, wear protective goggles to prevent irritation from chemicals or bacteria in the water.
- Allergen Management: If you have allergic conjunctivitis, identify and manage your allergens to reduce the risk of flare-ups.
- Handkerchief and Tissue Use: Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue or handkerchief when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of germs.
- Maintain Clean Linens: Regularly wash and change pillowcases, towels, and washcloths to prevent the buildup of irritants or contaminants.
- Avoid Eye Rubbing: Refrain from rubbing your eyes, as this can introduce irritants or germs and exacerbate any existing irritation.
- Avoid Smoke and Irritants: Stay away from smoke and other airborne irritants that can contribute to conjunctivitis.
- Vaccinations: Ensure you and your family members are up-to-date on vaccinations that can prevent certain infections that lead to conjunctivitis.
- Newborn Care: If you’re a new parent, ensure proper hygiene practices to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis. Follow your doctor’s guidance on caring for your baby’s eyes.
Treatment of conjunctivitis
- Viral Conjunctivitis:
- Viral conjunctivitis often resolves on its own within a week or two.
- Applying warm compresses to the eyes can help alleviate discomfort.
- Artificial tears or lubricating eye drops can provide relief from dryness and irritation.
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
- Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are commonly prescribed to treat bacterial conjunctivitis.
- Follow your doctor’s instructions on how frequently to use the medication and for how long.
- Allergic Conjunctivitis:
- Avoid allergens that trigger your symptoms whenever possible.
- Over-the-counter antihistamine eye drops or oral antihistamines can help manage allergic reactions.
- Cold compresses can help reduce itching and inflammation.
- Irritant Conjunctivitis:
- Identify and avoid the irritant that’s causing the condition.
- Use artificial tears to flush out any irritants from the eyes.
- Cold compresses can provide relief from discomfort.
- Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC):
- GPC is often associated with contact lens use. Your doctor may recommend temporarily discontinuing lens wear or changing to a different type of lens.
- Prescription eye drops or medications may be given to manage the inflammation.
- Chemical Conjunctivitis:
- Rinse the eyes thoroughly with water if exposed to chemicals.
- Seek immediate medical attention if the exposure is severe or causing persistent irritation.
- Neonatal Conjunctivitis:
- Newborns with bacterial conjunctivitis may be treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment.